Personal Views On Anthropology And Ethnography - 1445 Words

Sara Crawford Anthropology 305 Assignment 4 5 March 2016 This paper will address my personal views on anthropology and ethnography. I identify as a feminist anthropologist because I identify as a woman, and have a great interest in power differentials throughout society. I grew up in a conservative christian middle class home that taught and practiced tolerance and acceptance giving me a well-rounded, if clouded, view of the world. However, I had very little experience with other groups or peoples until I got older and began to travel. I love travelling, and, as I have visited numerous states, Canada, Mexico, the Bahamas, and Europe, my understanding has grown immensely. My love for history and culture has only expanded and it grew easier to see things without the moral outline I had when I was younger to compare against. Post-modernism, a cultural phenomenon occurring before my birth, set in motion a series of adjustments in cultural anthropology and in general society (Clifford Marcus 1986). It shaped my outlook, but more influential forces included the movement of feminism and feminist anthropology (Mascia-Lees et al. 1989). As I identify as a woman, my experiences belong to a similar realm as those discussed by feminist anthropologists (Mascia-Lees, et al. 1989; See Abu-Lughod 1985; Shaw 1985). Despite advances in societal equality, woman, and therefore I, still belong to a weaker power group that struggle with access to power and money (See Graeber 1996). However, IShow MoreRelated Anthropology1316 Words   |  6 PagesAnthropology Anthropology what a vulnerable observer you are! You may well have to jump into the arms of the scientists if you are going to try to keep your grass hut at the academy! -- Ruth Behar Debates on the role the reflexive plague the field of cultural anthropology as postmodern critics join the bandwagon attempting to claim authority in this dubiously recognized discipline. In the borderline realm between the sciences and humanities, cultural anthropology has tried to find a nicheRead MoreGlt1 Task 4 Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Methods in Sociology and Anthropology By Western Governors University Abstract Sociology and Anthropology rely upon investigational and research techniques. While some of these may be similar they also differ. Each discipline has its own philosophical justification for their method but any and all approaches to study the society’s culture require some degree of fieldwork. Read MoreA Culture As An Integrated Whole?1346 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviors transmitted through learning and observance (Kottak 2), is studied by numerous disciplines including: sociology, biology, psychology, history, medicine, anthropology, etc. However, what sets Anthropology apart from these distinct and often narrow views of human culture is the fact that Anthropology seeks to combine these separate views into a single framework when studying culture. This holistic approach is extremely beneficial when applied because there are several external factors that affectRead MoreThroughout This Cultural Anthropology Class, One Consistent1451 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this Cultural Anthropology class, one consistent theme was the concept of the state. This is essential because the state is one of the core societal structures that influences people. In the context of anthropology, the state is studied as an institution because it holds a substantial amount of power over its citizens. Additionally, the role of the state is perceived in different ways depending on the culture. In this article, entitled â€Å"Ambiguous States: Confucius Institutes and ChineseRead MoreEthnographic Writing and Relationships with Research Subjects1385 Words   |  6 Pagesdo so in different ways. Sterk focuses much of her ethnography on the relationships formed, and the information and trust gained as a result; Bourgois, however, spends only a small fra ction of his ethnography on his relationships. Both illustrate information about their perspective-studied cultures, the difficulties faced in gathering their fieldwork, but they differ in the amount of information they chose to include in their actual ethnographies. Over a ten-year span Sterk, immerses herself inRead MoreEssay Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology2209 Words   |  9 Pagesthree primary objectives for the fieldworker. First, to record the feel and flow of daily life as a member of the community; second, to create a framework of community organization based on a scientific perspective; and third, to collect detailed personal information particular to the community of study (Malinowski, 1922). These goals and methodologies remain principal to the design and analysis of modern anthropological research. However, they also raise a number of questions about the practicalRead MoreMarni Finkelstein in With No Direction Home1607 Words   |  7 Pages The ethnography With No Direction Home: Homeless Youth on the Road and in the Streets by Marni Finkelstein, describes the life of street youth in New York City. The ethnography attempts to debunk myths that prior studies have formed of these street youths. The author , Marni Finkelstein is an Anthropologist renowned for her work on urban populations at risk. She graduated from the New School of Social Research in New York City with her PhD in Anthropology. Finkelstein has also conducted studies onRead More Culture and Race Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusion, a definition of culture in their view that is a contradiction in terms. Boas sates that, â€Å" culture was expressed through the medium of language but was not reducible to it; more importantly, it was not race. Culture became everything race was not, and race was seen to be what culture was not; given, unchangeable biology,† (Visweswaran, p. 72). Not only focusing on culture, but anthropology has a substantial connection as well. Anthropology is the field in which the study of culturalRead MoreMad Dogs Englishmen And The Errant Anthropologist Summary807 Words   |  4 Pagesand the Errant Anthropologist, Raybeck’s approach to ethnography has been very similar to what is described in chapter 5 of Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. The postmodernism theory is that it emphasizes the non-material knowledge. Materialism emphasizes on the material system of behavior. Most Anthropologist are somewhere in the middle of these two or lean one way a little bit more because these are such extreme theory’s. Raybeck seems to view his research from the postmodernism theory more thanRead MoreCritical Annotation of Watson Reading and Commentary Reading1765 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Annotation of Watson Reading and Commentary Reading 5 Question One Assignment 2 Reading Watson, C.W. (Ed.). (1999).A diminishment: A death in the field (Kerinci, Indonesia). In Being there: Fieldwork in anthropology (pp. 141-163). London: Pluto Press. In his reading, A Diminishment: A Death in the Field (1999), Watson analysed two critical issues that have preoccupied anthropologists for nearly four decades. These issues include the extent to which personality of the anthropologist

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 804 Words

Conor Fleming The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Ignorance The Novel: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, makes a strong presence by its continued, if not redundant display of itself. Far too often in society people s lack of knowledge on a given subject causes their opinions and actions to rely strictly on stereotypes created by the masses and often makes the people not willing to change how they view a certain people or situation. This is usually called ignorance, and it plaques societies everywhere and Mark Twain knows that and actively criticizes that. This is curable but people have to become open-minded and leave their reliance on society s viewpoints behind them, which is unlikely to happen when people are†¦show more content†¦Society would sees a black person, and even further, slaves, as inferior and wouldnt even consider them as a person. They never thought of slaves as human beings, only as property. A slave, such as Jim, could be what society considers a great person, but since he is a slave who he actual ly was would become irrelevant.. They have the knowledge that Jim is a slave but make no judgments on his personality. This is shown when they assume that Jim killed Huck just because he ran away near the time of Huck s death. They don t consider the motives of such an action, but just look at the surface facts that he might do this because he is savage, missing, and possibly in the area at the time. Pap is also suspected, but not as much as Jim even though he has a motive, and could have easily committed such an evil deed in one of his drunken stupors Again, the main members of a society aren t the only ignorant party. Jim can be awfully ignorant, this can be shown when he is speaking. What s de use er makin up de camp fire to cook strawbries en sich truck? But you got a gun, hain t you? Den we kin git sumfn better den strawbries. (Twain 51). In another part of the novel the Twain illustrates the ignorance of society very well with the feud between the Grangerfords and the Shepardsons. When Buck Grangerford was questioned about why he shot at Harvey Shepardson he first exclaims in

Powers Of Presidency Essay Example For Students

Powers Of Presidency Essay The Power of the Presidency* I believe that most significant of the powers at the hands of the President are those that are considered ?informal?, especially those that allow him to persuade and gain loyalty of many people. The Presidency of the United States is said to be the most powerful office in the world. Taking a closer look at this statement presents the questions of how and why the president so powerful. It might shock some people to learn that a significant amount of his powers are not prescribed to him or written in the Constitution, but are gained in other ways. I believe that the most significant of the powers at the hands of the President are those that are considered ?informal?, especially those that allow him to persuade and gain loyalty of many people. The President is usually more powerful during his ?honeymoon period? or first hundred or so days in office. This mostly stems from his recent approval of the voters and serves as a notice to Congress that he deserves to be in office because the citizens like what he has to offer. As an effect, Congress is more accepting of his legislative ideas and proposals. This gives him an edge to get some legislation passed right off the bat and show the country that he is performing his duties skillfully. His success or failure as the President will be primarily judged on how well he was able to get his legislation passed. The Presidents power and approval rating is greatly boosted in times of war or foreign troubles. This is called ?rallying around the flag.? Citizens feel more loyalty towards their President when he is acting on behalf of the country in a serious matter such as war or other serious foreign policy. The President even gains higher approval, and therefore more power to influence the public, by surviving an assassination attempt. A huge tool to gain power at the fingertips of the Presidency is the media. Not only does the President address the nation during the State of the Union Address, he is able to call press conferences whenever he wishes to reach the citizens. He is, almost without a doubt, the only government official that has this power. As long as this tool is used sparingly, it can cause a huge response among citizens. The President can persuade the American people see issues his way and to take action in any way that he suggests. It is rumored that during a Presidential broadcast in which the President asked the country to turn down their thermostats in order to save gas that the monitoring utility companies immediately saw a major drop in the amount of gas being consumed for heating all across the country. President Lyndon Johnson used this tool to create support for his decision to send troops to Vietnam. With strong public speaking skills , a likeable personality, and a an assertive demeanor, th e President can convince citizens, including other government officials, that his agenda is in their best interest. Winning the Presidency also confirms the Presidents status as the leader of his political party. The President has a great amount of control over his subordinate party members and their decisions on his policy proposals. This comes from his ability to encourage loyalty to the party and the their need for his support during their elections. The President will obviously have more power when his party controls a majority of the House or Senate. My argument that these ?informal? powers are the most important is based on the idea that they also help him to more effectively perform his formal or prescribed powers. His effectiveness in using these persuasion powers will help him in order to produce approval for his Executive Orders, use of Executive Privilege, Judicial appointments, vetoes, treaties, and many other things. These powers are extremely important and can be subject to great scrutiny depending on their seriousness. With appropriate use of all ?informal? powers, ?formal? powers can be wielded with ease and a higher rate of approval among the citizens in which our President has been elected to serve. The close election fiasco that is going on right now will most definitely affect the president-elect, whoever it may be. If George W. Bush wins, their will be a great amount of citizens who refuse to accept him as the legitimate President because of his extremely small margin of victory that may or may not be accurate. If Al Gore turns out to be the winner, most Republican supporters will see him as the guy who stole the Presidency and will refuse to see him as the legitimate winner. Either way, the tight election will probably hurt the elected Presidents credibility, ability to pass legislation, and use his informal powers. This coming President will be known as the one who won only after weeks of re-counts, legal battles, and a handful of votes. The ?honeymoon period? for this President will probably be a time of lower approval depending on the how much longer the re-counts and court cases continue to flood the media and the minds of the voting citizens. The Presidents relationship with the Judicial branch could suffer from the presence of a resentful attitude of opposing party members regarding his Justice/Judge appointments and the credibility of his achieved authority to do so. The country will benefit from a President who will convince citizens that he is fully qualified to take on the job and restores dignity and honor to the office to make Americans proud. .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 , .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .postImageUrl , .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 , .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69:hover , .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69:visited , .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69:active { border:0!important; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69:active , .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69 .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80069673ca6b0a77aa2e2dfac11d6d69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug Abuse in America EssayPolitical Science

Othello - Change Of Characters Essays (990 words) - Othello, Iago

Othello - Change of Characters Othello - Change of Characters Othello's character during the play is first shown as a hero of war and a man of great pride and courage. The other main characters in the play all form their own opinions of him and as the play continues, his character begins to deteriorate and become less noble. Chronologically through the play Othello's character changes from a flawless military leader, to become a murderer. Also as the play progresses, the other characters in the play change their opinions of Othello which causes the plot to happen the way it did. Throughout the first act of the play, Othello was shown as many different characters depending on who was speaking. Iago complains of Othello's pride and "bombast circumstance" and is angered by the appointment of Cassio, and educated military theoretician of Florence to lieutenant, instead of himself. Although he knows Othello is a proud man, his open and trusting nature in the beginning of the play will be eroded by the conclusion of the plot. As Iago is speaking to Brabantio about Othello, he uses the term "white ewe" to represent Desdemona, and"black ram" when referring to Othello. By using these terms, it shows that he is trying to give a bad impression of Othello when he is speaking to the royal family in Venice, because Othello is a Moor or a Negro. Iago shows his black hatred for the Moor, and his jealousy of Cassio in his first soliloquy and also reveals his evil intentions. As the act continues and Othello is being searched for by a group of people, Iago attempts to incite Othello into anger against Brabantio, but Othello does not take the bait. He feels that he (Brabantio) may do his worst because Othello is assured that his military services to the government will outweigh Brabantio's complaints of him marrying Desdemona. These answers to Iago's persistence show that he is still a character of calmness and dignity, and he still has the self-assurance suitable to command armies of men. When Othello is found by Cassio, he seems to be relieved because he does not like personal conflict, which would have occurred if Brabantio had found him instead. After he is found, Othello is taken to Brabantio where he is interrogated on how he possessed Desdemona enough in order to make her run off with him. Brabantio damns Othello and calls him an enchanter, saying that the "tender, fair, and happy" Desdemona was too shy of marriage, which is why she shunned all of the suitors sent to her. This entire scene helps to establish Othello as an alert and composed leader. Later in this act, Othello offers to explain how he won Desdemona. He chooses not to contradict or deny that he has used "magic" but when the true meaning of the "magic" comes to light it is shown that he used the magic of love and not a conjured magic. Iago also suspects Othello of having some kind of relationship with his own wife, although he doesn't know or even seem to care whether or not his suspicions have any foundation at all. Again, according to Iago, Othello is an "ass" because he has a"free and open nature." This act works as an introduction to the Othello character and shows how other characters react to his presence in different ways. The remaining acts of the play continue to show how the characters react to Othello's lifestyle changes. Even though he must rid Cassio of his lieutenant responsibilities forever, Othello explains how he still loves him. If it were up to him Othello would have reinstated Cassio at the first opportunity, but this would be bad political practice. He wishes to appease Desdemona by doing this but he realizes that he can't. These practices show that he is a good governor and does not wish to arouse hostilities in the city, with an untimely pardon of Cassio. Desdemona tells Emilia that Othello is not the jealous type, which Othello believes to be true himself. However, as the play progresses through Act 3, Othello talks to Iago telling him that their prior conversation gave him reason to suspect Desdemona's motives. As a reader, you can see that Othello's capacity for judgement has deteriorated up to this point, not only is his state of mind changing due to Iago's constant prodding, but his morals have also deteriorated along with his character. As the play winds to a close, the characters continue to show their own opinions on Othello. Many of the characters have

Informative Speech Essays

Informative Speech Essays Informative Speech Paper Informative Speech Paper Essay Topic: Informative I used to eat at McDonalds all the time and I think most people can say the name. 2. I have watched documentaries, looked at magazines and researched the internet. E. Preview of Main Points: 1 . First, I am going to talk about how McDonalds started 2. Second, how big they are today 3. Finally, Im going to talk about what they do with some of the money they make. Body: A. McDonalds first began as a barbecue restaurant 1. Dick and Mac McDonald opened McDonalds Bar-a-Queue restaurant in 1940 in Bernardino California. A. 1948 is when the McDonalds we know today was founded.The restaurant had been shut down in September then re-opened in December after changes were made. The brothers had turned it into a drive in self service restaurant. B. With all the new changes they made, They managed to get rid of all the food that need forks, knives and spoons, leaving the menu was to just hamburgers, cheeseburgers, soft drinks, milk, coffee, potato chips and a slice of pie. C. Eventually in 1 949 their French Fries that we all know and love came into the picture and they got rid of the potato chips. NASA Lemma is considered the national dish in Malaysia and with roots in Malay culture and Malay cuisine, it means oily or fatty rice. It is widely eaten and Malaysia and commonly sold at hawker food centers and roadside stalls in Malaysia. 3. The Atari This stretched tea is best known as an aromatic piping hot tea that is skillfully pulled from one mug to another. The tea is being mixed with evaporated or condensed milk to provide the creamy taste that last fresh in your tongue. This drink is a popular Malaysian drink that can be enjoyed at any time of the day. There is an element of showmanship that exists in the preparation of The Atari. The ability to drag a long stream of tea above the heads of patrons without giving them a shower is an amusing novelty for the locals as well as tourists. 4. Root Canal Root Canal is a very well-known traditional Malaysian breakfast that most of us will never miss. Root Canal is a type of Indian-influenced flattered and is done by a mixture Of wheat flour and finally served in a light crispy pancake. The dough is being stretched and tossed and then cooks it to perfection on a griddle. Root Canal has a great combination with lentil or chicken curry. It is often sold in Make stalls in Malaysia and is mostly taken together with The Atari. 5. Air Bath campus Commonly known as BBC, it can fulfill your thirst on a hot afternoon, well known as thirst quencher. BBC is beautifully served in a bowl filled with shared ice and extras such as red beans, groundnuts, sweet corn and fruits. Condensed milk and sugar syrup will be added to provide the sweet taste which fulfils your thirst. 6. Condole Condole is a traditional dessert which is very popular in Malaysia. It has a noodle-like strips made from green flour. It is served in a combination mixed with shaved ice and coconut milk. Brown sugar syrup is added to bring the sweet flavor that completes the condole cycles. It is often sold by vendors at roadsides, hawker centers and food courts and most popular in Malaria, Penman and Koala Lumpy. 7. Rajah Rajah is a traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish commonly found in Malaysia. The term Rajah is mixture for Malay. Vegetables are shredded with curried squid served with spicy sauce. There are various alternative Rajah such as Rajah Bah, a fruit salad mixed in a sauce made of fermented shrimp paste. In Malaysia, Make Rajah or Appeaser contains fried dough fritters, bean curds, boiled potatoes, prawn fritters, hard boiled eggs, bean sprouts, cuttlefish and cucumber mixed with a sweet, thick, spicy peanut sauce. Traditionally, Make Rajah vendors used modified motorcycles or mini trucks as preparation counters and to peddle their Rajah. . Chicken Rice Rice dish is flavored with roasted, steamed or poached chicken. Ginger paste, chili sauce and soy sauce are served to add flavor to it. Chicken Rice is famous among the Chinese Community. One example Of Chicken Rice is Haines Chicken Rice which is most commonly associated with Malaysian Haines cuisines. In Malaysia, Chicken Rice is available in many Chinese coffee shops or restaurants or hawker centers but also chain restaurants such as The Chicken Ric e Shop and Old Town White Coffee. . Alaska Alaska is a popular spicy noodle soup from the Partaken cuisine, which is a combination of Chinese and Malay cuisine which can be found in Malaysia. Alaska is a local noodle soup dish cooked in a unique way with ingredients such coconut milk, seafood, bean sprouts, cucumber and spices. Variations include Alaska Penman, Alaska Juror and Alaska Karakas, Curry Alaska, each with its own distinct flavor and taste. Curry Alaska is more commonly used In Koala Lumpy while it is known as Curry MME in Penman. 10. Fruits The durian is Malaysias King of Fruits that has a smooth creamy texture and distinct fragrance. The durian is distinctive for its large size, strong dour and formidable thorn-covered husk. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance; others find the smell overpowering. Meanwhile, seasonal fruits such as orangutan, duck, mangoes and kick, papaya, watermelon and pommel are other juicy succulent delights which are available all year round. Fruits such as kiwifruit and banana are also made as tasty fritters.

Best Examples of Palindromes in the English Language

Best Examples of Palindromes in the English Language What do the words â€Å"madam,† â€Å"mom,† and â€Å"rotor† have in common? They are palindromes: words, phrases, verses, sentences, or a series of characters that read the same both forwards and backwards. A palindrome can be as short as three characters (mom, for instance), or as long as an entire novel. Take this multi-sentence palindrome as an example: Are we not pure? â€Å"No, sir!† Panama’s moody Noriega brags. â€Å"It is garbage!† Irony dooms a man - a prisoner up to new era. From dad to kayak, you likely encounter many palindromes in your daily life. In addition to everyday speech, this feature of language has applications from literature to classical music composition to molecular biology.   The History of Palindromes â€Å"Palindrome† derives from the Greek word palà ­ndromos, meaning â€Å"running back again.† However, the use of palindromes was not exclusive to the Greeks. Since at least 79 AD, palindromes appeared in Latin, Hebrew, and Sanskrit. English poet John Taylor was hailed as one of the first palindrome writers when he wrote: â€Å"Lewd did I live, evil I did dwel.† In the following centuries, palindromes increased in popularity, and by 1971, the Guinness Book of World Records began to officially recognize the worlds longest palindromes. Between 1971 and 1980, the winner grew from 242 words to 11,125 words. Today, palindromes are celebrated on Palindrome Days, when the numerical date is itself a palindrome (e.g. 11/02/2011). With palindromes, the same rules of punctuation, capitalization and spacing don’t apply. For example, the word â€Å"Hannah† is a palindrome, even though both â€Å"H’s† aren’t capitalized. And what about words that spell another word backwards, like â€Å"live† becoming â€Å"evil†? That’s called a semordnilap, which happens to be itself a semordnilap of palindrome. Record-Breaking Palindromes Youre probably familiar with some of the most famous palindromes in the English language, like Madam, Im Adam and a nut for a jar of tuna. How many of these lesser-known, record-breaking palindromes do you know? The longest palindromic English word, according to the Guinness Book of World records: detartrated. The Guinness Book of Records bestowed the honor of longest English palindrome to detartrated, which is the preterit and past participle of detartrate, meaning to remove tartrates, or organic compounds. Unlike most English palindromes, which usually have seven letters or fewer, this has 11- impressive, except that Finnish palindromes easily rival it, with two having 25 letters.   The longest palindromic English word, according to the Oxford English Dictionary: tattarrattat. Coined by James Joyce in his 1922 novel Ulysses, the word is an onomatopoeia. It has been used to describe the sound of someone knocking on a door. The most recognizable palindromic poem: â€Å"Doppelgnger† by English poet James A. Lindon. At the poem’s midway point, each line is repeated backwards. The use of the device has literary significance: the concept of a doppelgnger involves a ghostly reflection of oneself, and the palindromic structure means that the latter half of the poem serves as a reflection of the first half.   The best palindromic place name: Wassamassaw. Wassamassaw is a swamp in South Carolina   The best Finnish palindrome: saippuakuppinippukauppias. This is the Finnish word for a soap cup trader, one of the longest palindromes in the world The longest palindromic novel: Lawrence Levine’s Dr. Awkward Olson in Oslo. In 1986, Lawrence Levine published the 31,954-word Dr. Awkward Olson in Oslo. Like Stephen’s letter, the novel is primarily gibberish. The history-based palindrome: Able was I ere I saw Elba. This palindrome related to French leader Napoleon Bonaparte’s exile to the island of Elba.   The best album title: Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas (Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas). In 1991, American rock band Soundgarden included this bonus CD with some editions of Badmotorfinger, their third studio album.   The longest letter: David Stephen’s Satire: Veritas. Published in 1980 as a monograph, the letter is 58,706 words long. The ancient Roman palindrome: In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni. Like the Greeks, the Romans were also fans of palindromes, and this translates to â€Å"we enter the circle after dark and are consumed by fire,† which was believed to relate to how moths circled a flame. Palindromes in Math, Science, and Music Palindromic strands of DNA can be found in molecular biology, and mathematicians may look for palindromic numbers that have unique properties. Classical, experimental, and humorist composers have integrated musical palindromes into their work, including Joseph Haydn and Weird Al Yankovic.  Hadyns Symphony No. 47 in G Major was nicknamed The Palindrome since the Minuetto al Roverso and the Trio are both written so that second part of each piece is the same as the first, only backwards.

Discuss the main components that you need to write a wireless LAN Essay

Discuss the main components that you need to write a wireless LAN security policy. How such a policy would be different from a - Essay Example A sample Wireless information security policy can be found in this link http://www.sans.org/security-resources/policies/Wireless_Communication_Policy.pdf . II. Essential Components of a Wireless Security Policy Essential components of the Wireless Security Policy are the mandatory change of password for the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). The Wireless Security Policy also includes a list of standard devices allowed to connect to the wireless local area network. Since it would be easier to diagnose a problem including the implementation of solutions when there are less variables to consider. Wired local area network IP addresses in some instances can be dynamic for each of the devices connected to the local area network. However, in the wireless local area network static IP are assigned to MAC address to ensure that only authorized devices connects to the local area network. Since the possibility of security breaches or infiltration are higher using the wireless local area network the s ecurity policy normally do not allow devices intending to connect to the wireless local area network to access beyond a finite area. Most often this area is not accessible to normal human traffic from outside the perimeter of the organization’s property. ... This is to ensure that no rider or malicious codes accompany the authentication process of the wireless device as it connects to the wireless local area network. In some instances the organization’s wireless security policy only allows the devices supplied by the organization to connect to its wireless local area network. The security policy also mandates that the local virus protection system of the wireless devices is up to date. III. The Difference of Wireless and Wired LAN Security Policy The policy governing wireless communication in a local area network is different in the sense that. Wireless devices that can attach to a network are mobile or can be taken out of the premises of the organization while devices that are wired to the Local Area Network of the organization cannot be taken out of the office without arousing any suspicion. Wired connection can easily be inventoried and accounted for using network management software. Devices that are connected to the wireless devices of the local area network are dynamic connections that can move around and be at certain locations that are within the range of the wireless router. The possibility of infiltration and data theft is not only probable but very likely since the shortest effective range of a wireless router can include areas that are beyond the visual range of security forces of the organization. While the devices connected to the wired local area network are secure and static within the company premises. The manners in which devices connect to the wired local area network are managed and administered are entirely different with the way devices connect to the wireless

Corporate Communications of Marriott Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Communications of Marriott - Essay Example "Those ideas quickly find their way into the hands of members of the team at HQ who can either solve the problem or spread the word about a good concept that works." Managers need to understand the basics of the company's products and services to manage with depth. For many years their chief financial officer and other non-operations executives have been required to attend the company's "food school" to gain a bit of "hands on" experience with the products and services that form the basis of Marriott's world. Mr. Marriott recounts that his dad particularly enjoyed talking to his employees. Marriott's corporate legend is full of stories of his father perched on a hotel lobby sofa, listening to the family problems of one of their associates while senior managers "cooled their heels" waiting for him to return to the office. He confirms that the stories are true. His Dad felt very strongly that the concerns and problems of the people who worked for him were always worth listening to. In his eyes, a successful company puts its employees first. Mr. Marriott says: "I couldn't agree more. When employees know that their problems will be taken seriously, that their ideas and insights matter, they're more comfortable and confident. In turn, they're better equipped to deliver their best on the job and to the customer. Everyone wins: the company, the employee the customer." The philosophy of putting employees first is particularly important in the hospitality industry, because Marriott is in the people business, not just the service business. Customers are not just affected by the tangible parts of the business but the intangibles as well. If the people who are responsible for supplying that human touch are unhappy, tired, stressed, poorly trained, or otherwise distracted, they're probably not going to do a good job. On the flip side, if employees are content, confident, and generally happy with themselves and the job, their positive attitude will be felt in everything they do. The Marriott "Pathways to Independence" is employer-sponsored welfare reform done right. An employer needs to stay involved with new employees to help them overcome their failure points. Other areas of success: "over-managing" by design and work-life programs. He recounts many ways in which these tasks have become more daunting as the nation's hourly workforce has become more multicultural in makeup. Many of their hourly associates "must cope with complicated immigration procedures, interpersonal cultural clashes, and social discrimination, in addition to the pressures of child care, elder care, substance or domestic abuse, or housing problems." To that end, Marriott started a toll-free consultation service for their associates staffed by social workers who field questions and find solutions to just about any problem. And they can do it in more than 100 languages. They rolled out the 800 Associate Resource Line (ARL) on a national basis in 1996, after a two-year regional trial run. Although the program is based on intensive studies of their associates' needs, the thinking behind it is actually pretty simple. At heart, it's really just a higher-tech version of Mr. Marriott's Dad's

Biculturism and Marginalization Essay Example for Free

Biculturism and Marginalization Essay * Ross-Sheriff (2011) commented that international migration patterns have * changed as a consequence of broad social, political, economic, and environmental * trends and explained the causes of the driving forces were including war, * globalization, urbanization, and changing cultural norms regarding social roles and * responsibilities (Ross-Sheriff, 2011). With these complex trends of migration * patterns, Van Hear (2010) viewed migration as a process which was an integral part * of broader social transformations, but which also had its own internal dynamics with * other factors related to the migrating process, shaping social transformation in their * own way. Migration was also linked in complex ways to class, gender, generation, * ethnicity and other social factors, which were embodied in positions in home and host * communities, and in work and domestic relationships, all of which might be * transformed in the course of the migratory process (Van Hear, 2010). To understand this complex process of migration, especially under changing circumstances of one culture to another, it might be useful to build conceptual tools for understanding these transitory processes in migration studies and in social science more widely (Van hear, 2010). They also include mediating agents and transitions that need also to be accounted for, as well as intersections among class, gender, generation, ethnicity and other social ruptures as well as the main driving forces of migration (Van Hear, 2010). Of course there were other important concepts such as relations between time and space, between dynamics or processes and outcomes, and between structure and agency that needed to get attention (Van Hear, 2010). However, it is impossible to discuss all different theoretical concepts involved in different types of migration process in the current limited study. Rather, this study tried to focus on psychological impacts such as ethnic identity and self-esteem on migration through acculturation processes particularly on family- related migration because different patterns of migration produced different communities and resulted in producing different migrant identities including varying levels of psychological distress (Jones, 2008). Further, few empirical studies have focused on migrant adults populations. Most migrants identification related literatures tended to relate more for adolescents or young children because identity formation might be particularly challenging in this cohort, especially when the values and beliefs of their natal culture differed significantly from those of the host society (Sodowsky, Kwan, Pannu, 1995; as cited in Farver, Narang, Bhadha, 2002). Therefore, this study focused on ethnic identity and self-identification issues of adult migrants’ themselves within a family structure according to different theoretical models relevant to adaptation of new cultures, because family was the basic instrument in the society (Nesdale, Rooney, Smith, 1997). In fact, most cultural acquisition theories developed and evolved in 1990s. when international migration became a key issue in international politics at the beginning of 1990s. As Castle (2002) argued that migration, development and international relations were closely connected as migration was a major factor of transformation for both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants (Castle, 2002). With this perspective, this study generally focused on those migration culture acquisition theories developed in 1990 rather then looking at current perspectives in the most recent literatures, which actually have evolved from these original theories in 1990s (Castle, 2002). As the findings from these research studies has had been mixed or sometimes contradictory, it was important to understand the exact nature of the relationship between migrant ethnic identification and the acculturation process both need to be specified and assessed properly with coherent measurements and theoretical assumptions (Nesdale et al. , 1997). Important theoretical concepts: ethnic identity, acculturation, biculturism, and marginalisation. According to Phinney (1990; as cited in Farver, Narang Bhadha., 2002), ethnic identity and acculturation were related but separate constructs. Ethnic identity involves an individual’s self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, attitudes toward ethnic group of membership, and degree of ethnic group involvement (Farver et al. , 2002). The term acculturation was defined in anthropology as those phenomena, which resulted when groups of individuals having different cultures came into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups (Redfield, Linton, Herskovits, 1936; as cited in Birman, 1994). Although acculturation was a neutral term in this context (that is, change might take place in either or both groups), in practice, acculturation tended to induce more changes in one of the groups than in the other (Berry, 1990a; as cited in Berry, 1997) Berry (1997) argued that in all plural societies, cultural groups and their individual members, in both dominant and non-dominant situations, must deal with the issue of how to acculturate. According to Berry (1997), four acculturation strategies were introduced: assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration. When individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek daily interaction with other new cultures, the assimilation strategy is defined. In contrast, when individuals place a value on holding on to their original culture, and at the same time wish to avoid interaction with others, then the separation is defined (Berry, 1997). When there is an interest in both maintaining one’s original culture, while in daily interactions with other groups, integration is the option; here, there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained, while at the same time seeking to participate as an integral part of the larger social network (Berry, 1997). Last, when there is little possibility or interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination) then marginalization is defined (Berry, 1997). However, this acculturation categories model has been criticized methodologically (Rudmin, 2003, 2009; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because all four of Berry’s categories were represented in the same way by creating the two by two matrix of acculturation categories between high and low. However, the cut off point between high and low was arbitrary and would differ across samples, making comparisons across studies difficult, resulting in the fact that all four categories existed and were equally valid (Rudmin, 2003; as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) and suggesting that not all of Berry’s categories might exist in a given sample or population, and that some categories might have multiple subtypes (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In particular, Berry (1997) viewed the term â€Å"biculturism† as referring to acculturation that involved the individual simultaneously in the two cultures that were in contact in integrative ways, which appeared to be a consistent predictor of more positive outcomes than the three alternatives of assimilation, separation, or marginalization. Berry and his colleagues (Sam Berry, 1995) assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the results showed that bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress, anxiety and fewer psychological problems significantly, while marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which adversely affected their self-esteem (Farver et al. , 2002). However, Shiraev and Levy (2007) explained acculturative stress as a negative feeling that a marginalized person might experience as a distressing psychological reaction to any unfamiliar cultural environment based on the assumption that person and groups undergoing any social and cultural change should experience a certain amount of psychological distress. Generally, many early definitions of acculturation focused on exposure to two cultures simultaneously as a culture shock, which was a reactive state of specific pathology or deficit, rather than taking advantage of being bicultural (Berry Annis, 1974; Shiraev et al., 2007). The validity of marginalization as an approach to acculturation by Berry (1997) was also questioned (Del Pilar Udasco, 2004; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). Schawartz et al. argued that the likelihood that a person would develop a cultural sense of self without drawing on either the heritage or receiving cultural contexts would be less likely to. The marginalization approach might be true only for the small segment of migrants who rejected both their heritage and receiving cultures (Berry, 2006b). Indeed, studies using empirically based clustering methods have found small or nonexistent marginalization groups and scales that attempted to measure marginalization typically had poor reliability and validity compared with scales for the other categories (Cuellar, Arnold, Maldonado, 1995; Unger et al. , 2002; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). As described earlier, the impact of migrant ethnic identity on psychological distress had comparatively diverse points of views if they were either negative or positive reactions, depending on different theoretical frames. For example, Social Identity Theory (Tajfel Turner, 2001) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner, 1987) emphasized more on the importance to individuals of their identification with particular social groups. Social Identity Theory (Tajfel Turner, 2001; as cited in Yip, Gee, Takeuchi, 2008) viewed a possible explanation for why ethnic identity might buffer the effects of discrimination. According to this theory,individuals chose from an array of possible social identity groups and, once those groups were chosen, individuals focused on the positive aspects of their in-group, which helped to boost their own esteem, suggesting that ethnic identity was more important to their overall identity (Yip et al. , 2009). In contrast, if ethnicity was a central component of ones identity, it might actually exacerbate the effects of discrimination, resulting in a greater negative impact on mental health, according to self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, Wetherell, 1987; as cited in Yip et al., 2008), suggesting that people should be more in tune with environmental cues that were relevant to an important aspect of their identity. That is, experiences of racial discrimination might be such a cue relevant to their ethnic identity. Indeed, research suggested that African American adults and adolescents who reported strong racial centrality were also more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination (Neblett, Shelton, Sellers, 2004; Sellers, Caldwell, Schmeelk-Cone, Zimmerman, 2003; Sellers Shelton, 2003; as cited in Yip et al., 2008). However, despite this emphasis by social theorists, they tended to forget the larger literature that involved with both ethnicity and the acculturation process (Liebkind, 1993; 1996; as cited in Nesdale, Rooney Smith, 1997). First of all, these different findings resulted from lack of inclusion of acculturation itself as a variable methodologically when acculturation was considered as a phenomenon in research designs (Sam and Berry, 2006). Without including acculturation as a variable, the explanations for human behavior similarities and differences across populations would remain incomplete (Sam et al. , 2006). Second, a further criticism of the acculturation literatures was that the same two acculturation processes, and the same four-acculturation categories, characterized all migrants equally—regardless of the type of migrant, the countries of origin and settlement, and the ethnic group in question, according to Berry’s (1980) model and other similar approaches (Sam et al., 2006). Finally, the vast majority of studies in the acculturation literature have focused on behavioral acculturation (Schwartz et al. , 2010). That is, most widely used acculturation measures included primarily (or only) items assessing language use and other cultural practices (e. g. , Cuellar, Arnold, Maldonado, 1995; Stephenson, 2000; Szapocznik, Kurtines, Fernandez, 1980; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) due to accepting the fact that cultural practices might provide only a fair proxy for cultural adaptation (Schwartz et al., 2010). Theoretical frameworks for acculturation research Shiraev Levy (2007) claimed that cross-cultural psychologists usually used three approaches to examine human activities in various cultural settings. They were the sociobiological approach, the sociological approach and eco-cultural approach (Shiraev et al. , 2007). In particular, the eco-cultural approach emphasized both the environment and the individual were seen as open and interchanging systems (Shiraev et al., 2007), introducing John Berry whom originally developed this theory further in contemporary cross-cultural psychology. Shiraev et al. (2007) also pointed out that specialists should to be able to explain how, why, and to what extent people differed from one another, when ecological, biological, cultural, and acculturation factors were identified and taken into consideration (Berry, J. W. , Poortinga, Y. H. , Segall, M. H. , Dasen. P. R. ,1992; as cited in Shiraev et al. , 2007). In related to the concerns pointed by Shiraev et al. (2007), Berry (1997) argued earlier there were important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development, demonstrating what happened to individuals who developed in one cultural context when attempting to re-establish their lives in another one through his acculturation research framework, by confirming the fact that acculturation was one of the most complex areas of research in cross-cultural psychology because the process involved more than one culture and in two distinct senses (Berry, 1997). According to Berry (1997), the concept of acculturation was employed to refer to the cultural changes resulting from different ethnic groups encountered, while the concepts of psychological acculturation and adaptation were employed to refer to the psychological changes and eventual outcomes that occur as a result of individuals experiencing acculturation. In another words, acculturation phenomena resulted from contact between two or more cultures and research on acculturation had to be comparative in order to understand variations in psychological outcomes that were the result of cultural variations in the two groups in contact (Berry, 1997). In particular, this framework viewed the integration model of acculturation strategies the most desirable among other strategies, considering it the same as the biculturalism model (Berry, 1997). For example, Berry and his colleagues (Berry, 1980; Berry, J. W. , Kim, U. , Power, S. , Young, M, Bujaki, M. , 1989; Berry, Kim, Minde, Mok, 1987; Sam Berry, 1995 as cited in Farver et al., 2002) Assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the result showed that integration was the most psychologically adaptive attitude, arguing that integrated or bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress and anxiety and manifested fewer psychological problems than those who were marginalized, separated, or assimilated, whereas marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which also affected their self-esteem (Farver et al., 2002). However, Phinney, Cantu, and Kurtz (1997) found that American identity was associated with self-esteem only for non-Hispanic Whites, but not for other ethnic groups. These mixed results as explained above raised two issues in the acculturation literatures. First of all, cultural practices might offer only a substitute for cultural adpatations, as Portes and Rumbaut (2001 as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) mentioned that many Asian American young adults in their sample were not proficient in their native languages, even though they still perceived their identification with their parents’ countries of origin and maintained many of their values (Schwarz et al. , 2010). Secondly, most researchers on biculturism did not sufficiently define an accurate operational definition of biculturism so that interpretation of those research results were problematic (Birman, 1994). Indeed, one finding in the United States, was that self-identification as American was markedly higher in non-Hispanic Whites than in ethnic minority groups (e. g. , Devos Banaji, 2005; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) and many White Americans did not perceived themselves as members of an ethnic group (Schildkraut, 2007; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). In brief, different operational definition problems of acculturation arose from different theoretical models of acculturation regarding to their assumptions (LaFromboise, Coleman, Gerton, 1993). LaFromboise et al. (1993) assumed acculturation as one of substitutes among the biculturism models. Biculturism as defined in this theory was viewed as the alternation model, which implied an individual in two culture contacts could be competent in both cultures without losing one of the cultures’ competencies in distinct cultural contexts as alternation model, whereas, fusion model meant a blended cultural identity, consisting of a synthesis of aspects of both cultures (LaFromboise et al., 1993). However, Berry’s (1997) integrating approach of biculturism differed from the bicultural model (LaFromboise et al. , 1993; as cited in Birman, 1994) and it emphasized more on the relationship between the two cultural groups based on its implicit assumption that one of two cultures were higher than the other within a single social structure (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). Benet-Martinez and colleagues found that â€Å"blended† bicultural individuals tended to report higher self-esteem and lower psychological distress than a marginal population (Chen et al. , 2008 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because the consistent availability of both cultural flows within the person’s everyday life increased the ease of activating the correct cultural schema in accordance with their environmental situations (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In contrast, Tadmor, Tetlock, and Peng (2009) argued that the bicultural model considered those marginal individuals in positive ways, when there was little interest in cultural maintenance and little interest in having relations with others, suggesting positive aspects of being a marginal person might be (1) sharing his or her condition with others of the same original culture; (2) engaging in institutional practices that were shared by other marginal people; (3) experiencing no major frustration from social expectations; and (4) still perceiving himself or herself to be a member of a group (LaFromboise et al., 1993). According to Sam and Berry (2006), many studies of how migrants coped with intercultural contacts had discrepancies in the ways in which they were operationalized and measured. As no standardized or widely accepted acculturation measures existed, it was necessary to design a clear and explicit formulation of acculturation instrument in order to assess acculturation adequately (Sam et al. , 2006). Further Sam and Berry (2006) pointed out that most empirical studies widely used a self-report type of questionnaires that had been recognized limitations such as social desirability, emphasizing obtaining divergent validation by source of information other than the respondents’ reports. Therefore, it is vital to understand each theory within its specific assumptions and not to generalize across all situations regardless of their similar findings (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). As this study discovered migrants’ acculturation processes so far within specific theoretical frameworks, literature findings in different research were mixed as to whether individuals could be highly acculturated and at the same time be strongly identified with their ethnic group (Farver, Narang, Bhadha. , 2002). These confusing problems initially evolved because of the context in which migration arrangements and their acculturation processes were fundamentally transformed and increasingly uncertain due to globalization (Landolt Da, 2005). Shiraev Levy (2007) suggested a new approach to cross-cultural psychology in the twenty-first century, which was linked to the concept of globalization. Globalization was defined as a proliferation of cross-border flow and transnational networks due to new technologies of communication and transport that allowed frequent and multi-directional streams of people, ideas and cultural symbols (Castle, 2010). Castle also argued that globalization leads to major changes in the character of international migration. In other words, the context for migrant incorporation has already changed radically and will continue to do so. The rise of multiculturalism itself rather than assimilation or biculturism is one sign of this, but is not the end of the story: new forms of identity and belonging go beyond multiculturalism (Castle, 2010). Even though there is limited empirical evidence for clear statements for globalization, there probably are highly cosmopolitan groups who feel at home everywhere such as global business and professional elites might correspond with this image. But most members of transnational communities fall between these extremes, and probably have contradictory and fluctuating identities (Castle, 2002). Conclusions This study explored that a special case of cultural psychology was the study of how individuals respond to situations where they were in transition between their original culture and another that differed from it in some respects in terms of acculturation, especially within a specific theoretical frame that could apply to the specific situation (Adler Gielen, 1994). There was no single theory widely accepted by all social scientists to agree with the emergence and perpetuation of international migration patterns in the world under globalization (Van Hear, 2010),suggesting that the contemporary migrating context in which such migrating arrangements were realized fundamentally kept transforming so that it became increasingly uncertain (Landolt and Da, 2005). Although the topic of cultural contact and individual’ change has attracted considerable attention in contemporary cross-cultural psychology, the field has been characterized by a lack of theoretical coherence, definitional problems with key constructs, and single sample studies that limit the external validity of empirical cross-cultural research (Ward and Kenney, 1994). As acculturation is a process which takes place over time, and which results in changes both in the culture and in the individual culture changes, it would be ideal o compare two sets of data are compared over time using the same people. However, in practice, it is impossible in most acculturation research settings (Sam et al. , 2006). Instead, a common alternative to longitudinal research is cross-sectional research in which a time-related variable, such as length of residence or generational status can be used for the generalizability of acculturation theories (Sam et al., 2006). In general, researchers of migrating studies need to be aware that it is the selective nature of the sample that happens across all migrating research. That is, individuals who chose to migrate would be different from those who do not (Sodowsky, G. , Kwan, K. , Pannu, R. , 1995; as cited in Farver et al. , 1997). Finally, acculturation research generally focused on immigrants assumed to be permanently settled in their new host countries. As a result, the terms â€Å"migrants† or â€Å"international migrants† referred to the same type of migrants collectively. Moreover, many countries were both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants, or in the process of transition from one type to the other (Castel, 2002). Therefore, where applicable, it is viable to design acculturation research studies classifying different types of migrants. References Adler, L. L. , Gielen, U. P. (Eds. ). (1994). Cross-cultural topics in psychology. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Berry, J. W. (1980). Social and cultural change. In Triandis, H. C. , Brislin, R. (Eds. ). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (pp. 211-279). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Berry, J.W. , Kim, U. , Power, S. , Young, M, Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38, 185-206 Berry, (1990a). Psychology of acculturation. In Berman, J. (Eds. ). Cross-cultural perspectives: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 201-234). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaption. Applied Psychology: An international review, 46(1), 5-68. Berry, J. W. , Annis, R. (1974). A cculturation stress. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5(4), 382-397. Berry, J. W. , Kim, U., Minde, T. , Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21, 591-511. Berry, J. W. , Poortinga, Y. H. , Segall, M. H. , Dasen. P. R. (1992). Cross-cultural Psychology: Research and application. New York: Cambridge university Press. Birman, D. (1994). Acculturation and human diversity in a multicultural society. In Trickett, E. J. , Watts, R. J. , Birman D, (Eds. ). Perspectives on people in context (pp. 261-284). San Franscisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. Castele, S. (2002). Migration and community formation under conditions of globalization. The Center for Migration Studies of New York, 36(4), 1143- 1168. Cuellar, I. , Arnold, B. , Maldonado, R. (1995). Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: a revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 17, 275-304. doi: 10. 1177/07399863950173001 DelPilar, J. A. , Udasco, J. O. (2004). Deculturation: Its lack of validity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10, 169-176. doi: 10. 1037/1099- 9809. 10. 2. 169 Devos, T. , Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447-466. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 3. 447 Farver, J. A. , Narang, S. K. , Bhadha, B. R. (2002). East meets west: Ethnic identity, acculturation, and conflict in Asian Indian families. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(3), 338-350. doi: 10. 1037//0893-3200. 16. 3. 338 Jones, A. (2008). A silent but mighty river: the costs of women’s economic migration. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 33(4), 761-807. Landolt, D. , Da, W. W. (2005). The Spatially Ruptured Practices of Migrant Families: A Comparison of Immigrants from El Salvador and the Peoples Republic of China. Current Sociology, 53, 625-652. doi: 10. 1177/0011392105052719. LaFromboise. , T. , Coleman. , H. , Gerton (1993). Psychological impact of biculturism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 394-412. Liebkind, K. (1993). Self-reported ethnic identity, depression and anxiety among youth Vietnamese refugees and their parents. Journal of Refugee Studies, 6, 25-39. Neblett, E, Shelton, J. N. , Sellers, R. M. (2004). The role of racial identity in managing daily racial hassles. In Philogene, G. (Eds. ). Race and identity: The legacy of Kenneth Clark. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Press. Nesdale. , D. , Rooney. , R. , Smith. , L. (1997). Migrant ethnic identity and psychological distress. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(5), 569-588. doi: 10. 1177/0022022197285004 Phinney, J. S. (1990). When we talk about American ethic groups, what do we mean? American Psychologist, 51, 918-917. Phinney, J. S. , Ong, A. D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 271-281. doi: 10. 1037/0022-0167. 54. 3. 271 Portes, A. , Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkerly: University of California Press. Redfield, R. , Linton, R. , Herskovits, M. J. (1936) memorandum on the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149-152. Ross-Sheriff, F. (2011). Global migration and gender. Journal of Women and Social Works, 26(3), 233-238a. doi: 10. 1177/0886109911417692 Rudmin, F. W. (2003). Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7, 3-37. doi: 10. 1177/01461670731197 Sam, D. , Berry, J. W. (1995). Acculturative stress among young immigrants in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 36, 10-24. Sam, D. , Berry, J. W. (2006). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology [Electronic version]. Retrieved from http://www. qut. eblib. com. au. ezp01. library. qut. edu. au/patron. Schildkraut, D. J. (2007). Defining American identity in the 21st century: How much â€Å"there† is there? Journal of Politics, 69, 597-615. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1468-2508. 2007. 00562. x Schwartz, S. J. , Unger, J. B. , Zamboanga, B. L. , Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for the theory and research. American Psychologist, 65(4), 237-251. doi: 10. 1037/a0019330 Sellers, R.M. , Caldwell, C. H. , Schmeelk-Cone, K. H. Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 302-317. Seller, R. M. , Shelton, R. M. (2000). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1079-1092. Shiraev, E. , Levy, D. (2007). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical thinking and contemporary applications. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. Sodowsky, G. , Kwan, K. , Pannu, R., (1995). Ethnic identity of Asians in the United States. In J. Ponterotto (Ed. ), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 110- 130). Newbury Park: Sage. Stephenson, M. (2000). Development and validation of the Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale (SMAS). Psychological Assessment, 12, 77-88. doi: 10. 1037/1040-3590. 12. 1. 77 Szapocznik, J. , Kurtines, W. , Fernandez, T. (1980). Bicultural involvement and adjustment in Hispanic-American youths. International Journal of Interculture Relations, 4, 353-365. Tadmor, C. T. , Tedlock, P. E. , Peng, K. (2009). Acculturation strategies and integrative complexity: The congnitive implications of biculturism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 105-139. doi: 10. 1177/0022022108326279 Tajfel, H. , Turner, J. C. (2001). An Integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Hogg, M. , Abrams, D. (Eds. ). The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 94-109). New York: Psychology Press. Turner, J. C. , Hogg, M. A. , Oakes, P. J. , Reicher, S. D. Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Balckwell. Unger, J. B. , Gallagher, P. , Shakib, S. , Ritt-Olson, A. , Palmer, P. H. , Johnson, C. A. (2002). The AHIMSA acculturation scale: A new measure of acculturation for adolescents in a multicultural society. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 225-251. doi: 10. 1177/02731602022003001 Van Hear, N. (2010). Theories of migration and social change. Journal of Ethic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1531-1536. doi: 10. 1080/1369183X. 2010. 489359 Yip, T. , G, C. G. , Takeuchi, D. T. (2008). Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adult. Dev Psychol, 44(3), 787-800. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 44. 3. 787.

Formal Analysis of Galatea 2.2 Essay -- Galatea 2.2 Essays

Formal Analysis of Galatea 2.2  Ã‚   The novel became important in 19th century as the middle-class became more educated and desired entertainment. With the coming of 20th century and its sophisticated technologies, the form of the novel expanded to include science fiction: a genre that combines mankind's awe of new technology and the age-old attribute of fantasy. Writers of science fiction found it necessary to employ the traditional style of the novel in their modern works. This is one of the main points in Richard Powers' "Galatea 2.2". He combines realism of the traditional English novel with fantasy of the future world. "Galatea 2.2"’s fantastic is not a concrete one: the fictional plan appears here to be natural. As an autobiographical novel, the narrative represents the point of view of the narrator who always speaks in first person. He seems to be objective toward himself, and also toward the society that he enters. Through his words, the narration goes fluidly from past to present, but it is actually in the future. It is implementation that almost always makes connections with Powers' past: C. It is also implementation that makes him look to the future. But this is just one level of the narrative: the near future level. This plan has a limited space and time. Its place is the Center in U., and rarely is it passing these boundaries. Its time is also limited: one year, until the Ph.D. test. While one is reading, there is always a feeling of time’s pressure. The second level of the novel, C., is one of love and memory. Here the time seems to be mythic, and space is the world: U. and B . in the States; E. in the Netherlands, etc. The narrator explores both plans with the same close attention, details and intensity. The... ...-last words: ‘Don't stay away too long.’" (329) Also he paraphrases and cites the most significant novels, plays and poems of the past like "Pygmalion", "Tempest", "Don Quixote", "Frankenstein", "Paradise Lost", etc. Each of these connections bring a symbolic texture to the entire work. So who was the center of the plot: Powers, AI or C.? Who ultimately won? And where are the infamous "last-words"? This novel in its ambiguity and realism, leaves us with a sense that this story will go on and in some strange way we want to be a part of it. It takes us from a past real world to the fiction of the future where "The brain is wider than the sky" and "deeper than the sea" (Epigraph); and fact and fiction "differ [...]/ As syllable from sound." (Epigraph, 11-12). Work Cited Powers, Richard. Galatea 2.2. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. 1996      

Progressive Insurance

Progressive Insurance Assignment question: 1. What is Progressive’s business? A. They provide small business auto insurance to businesses like: * Landscaping and snowplow insurance * Artisan and contractor insurance * Courier and delivery insurance * Restaurant and food service insurance * Farming and livestock insurance * Wholesale business insurance * Religious and nonprofit organization insurance B. They provide home insurance whether it’s for: * Main home * Vacation home Rental property * Mobile home C. RV Insurance such as: * Motorcycle * RV Camper * Boats/water crafts * Snow mobiles/crafts * Truck/trailer 2. What is critical to the success of the business? a. .They try to pay as quickly as possible. b. They have claims adjusters on the street, not in an office so they can interact with clients faster. c. .They use a model called the IRV which is â€Å"immediate response vehicle†. d. .The IRV’s allow Progressive to settle claims at the scene of an acc ident. . .The laptops that the field agents are equipped with come with printers so they can print off checks, estimates and claims right on the spot. f. .They also rely a great deal on 2 way radios as they communicate with the dispatchers about accidents and locations. 3. How does Progressive’s use of hardware contribute to these success factors? Critical Success Factor| Type of Hardware| Contributions| Immediate response time to an accident| Vehicle | * Equipped with a laptop * . Digital camera * . cell phone and 2 way radio * . Printer| Ability to print out estimates, checks and claims instantly| Laptop and printer| * . Laptop * . Printer * . * . | Ability to assess costs of parts needed for repairs| Laptop| * Internet access * Database or catalogue of parts for cars and trucks| Ability to discuss policies and claims with customers while vehicle is in the body shop| Laptop| Ability to communicate with customers more effectively with visual tools. | 4. How does all of this use of hardware benefit customers? Hardware| Customer Benefit| Laptop| * . Ability to communicate with customers faster and with visual tools. * . Ability to print out checks, claims and estimates immediately. * . Gives the customer a sense that their claim is being handled right away without delay. * . | Cell Phones and 2 Way Radios| * . Ability for the dispatcher to locate the closest field agent. * Gives the agent ability to talk to auto shops and other adjuster right away. * . Could provide additional line of communication for a customer that may require additional transportation or other services. * . * . | Progressive Vehicles| * Customers do not have to wait for an assessment of their accident. * . Customers have the confident feeling that their case is being handled right away. * . All the paperwork is given to them on the spot. | Add more as needed| | 5. Relate Moore’s law to this case. a. .Due to technology that’s small and transportable, Progressive is able to handle twice the workload as they could a decade ago. . .While the laptops do need to be kept in shape and maintained, they more than likely have the ability to upgrade their hardware more often than buying new laptops given the information is transmitted to a central server. And not kept on each individual laptop. c. . Their business model calls for a laptop and a printer. They are using the hardware for customer service, not programming a system that is dependent on other syste ms. d. They do need to maintain their servers, back up their servers and monitor the wear and tear factor of their main servers.

“Life of Pi” by Yann Martel Essay

All humans are born with instincts; it is during the most desperate times in life when these instincts take control of an individual. In the novel Life of Pi by Yann Martel, the protagonist, Pi, goes through a situation that evoked his instincts to take control of himself. Pi spent 227 days as a castaway on a boat drifting in the Pacific Ocean. During this time he dealt with intense hunger and thirst and was very desperate. In the second story that Pi tells, each of the animals from the first story are symbolic of humans. Pi is related to Richard Parker, as many of their actions are similar between the two stories. In light of Pi’s second story the similarities suggests that Pi uses Richard Parker to represent his instinctive mind and serve as an escape from the horrific level of savagery he sank to on the lifeboat. Pi, however, did begin to accept his situation and realize that his instinctive mind would play a major role in his survival no matter how opposed to killing and e ating his rational mind was. The savage-like behavior of Pi is brought on by intensely desperate situation, hunger, thirst, and Pi’s instinctive mind represented by the Bengal tiger, Richard Parker. When an individual acts on instincts, their actions become spontaneous and that person’s beliefs and values are not part of the decision. Richard Parker represents the instinctive part of Pi’s mind; this becomes clear after analysis of Richard Parker’s actions and emergence in the plot. Richard Parker only emerges after the orangutan or Pi’s mother is killed and Pi is in his most desperate state. This shows that Pi began acting on his instincts at this point where he felt very lonely and vulnerable while his life was in danger. Pi’s instincts provided him with food in the form of fish, turtles, and sharks, as well as the hyena or the cook. Pi states, â€Å"It is the plain truth: without Richard Parker, I wouldn’t be alive today to tell you my story.† (Martel 164) Pi has his animal instincts to thank for his survival and shows that he knows this by thanking Richard Parker, the representation of his instincts. Pi’s rational mind was not fit to survive all that time on the lifeboat; he is a vegetarian and a very religious person and would not have had any food on the lifeboat if not for his animal instincts. His rational self would not have killed the cook or the turtles and fish and he would have starved because there was no access to vegetables  and fruits in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. On page 164, Pi talks of his instincts in the form of Richard Parker as he states, â€Å"He pushed me to go on living. I hated him for it yet at the same time I was grateful.† He says that he hated his instincts for keeping him alive because they caused him to do things that were against his beliefs and values but at the same time he was grateful for his life. Pi has only his animal instincts to thank for his survival in a lifeboat for 227 days. After many desperate days on the lifeboat, Pi’s instinctive mind begins to blend with his rational mind. On page 197, after he kills and eats a turtle without blaming it on his instincts represented by Richard Parker, he realizes that he has â€Å"descended to a level of savagery [he] never imagined possible.† His instincts have blended with his sensible mind and he is no longer the strict vegetarian that he was before he was put in this situation. During his time on the lifeboat, Pi came a long way from the strict vegetarian that he once was. Pi speaks of his former self as he says, â€Å"To think that when I was a child I always shuddered when I snapped open a banana because it sounded to me like the snapping of an animal’s neck.† (197) The experience on the boat drastically changed him as his instincts no longer had to control him to kill and to eat. After continually killing to eat, he gets used to the idea and no longer needs his instincts to take over for him to eat. His vegetarian principles are irrelevant with the extremity of the situation as he could not have lived by his beliefs and values if he wanted to survive. His rational mind stepped away from its belief and values and began to accept a kill or starve mentality. Pi’s lengthy and desperate situation caused his rational mind to accept that he had to live off animal instincts if he did not want to starve. Guilt is a very powerful feeling and it can cause people to do crazy things in order to hide and escape from these feelings. In terms of the second story Pi acted on many of his animal instincts and killed and ate animals as well as humans. Pi used Richard Parker not only as his escape from his guilt but also to escape the reality of the situation he was in. The guilt that Pi felt from being a vegetarian and doing what he did coupled with the emotional pain and torment of his situation caused Pi to force himself to  believe that everyone on the lifeboat were animals. Because the events that occurred on the lifeboat were similar to those that would occur between wild animals where it is a kill or die situation it was easy for Pi to substitute animals for all of the people on the lifeboat. He continuously turned to God for help in dealing with the guilt that he felt. After telling how he killed the cook in the second story, he said â€Å"I must live with that. Solitude began. I turned to God. I survived.† Pi was very religious before he was stranded on the lifeboat and he used his faith to help him through the situation. Pi’s feelings of guilt caused him to do whatever it took to escape from the guilt and from reality. The idea of Richard Parker, therefore, stemmed from Pi’s desperate survival in a lifeboat. Richard Parker was the reason that Pi survived and also served as a savior from the guilt and emotional pain that he felt. Pi’s instincts were represented by the idea of the Bengal tiger, Richard Parker, and he survived because of these instincts. It was only natural for these animal instincts to take control of him as he was dealing with intense hunger and thirst. During his time on lifeboat, even his rational self accepted that he would have to kill to eat, a big change for the strict vegetarian that he once was. He also had to deal with severe guilt for his actions as well as tremendous emotional pain. Richard Parker served as a way for him to escape this guilt and to escape reality. Desperation and loss combined with intense hunger and thirst are some of the many things that could cause an individual to lose control of their rational mind and live on instincts. Work Cited Martel, Yann. Life of Pi. Orlando: Harcourt Books, 2001.

Obama rhetorical analysis Essays

Obama rhetorical analysis Essays Obama rhetorical analysis Paper Obama rhetorical analysis Paper Essay Topic: Rhetorical Rhetorical Analysis Essay President Obamas 2009 Inaugural Address In January of 2009 President Barack Obama addressed his country for the first time as president of the United States of America. Not only did he address his nation but he left them with a sense of empowerment. With the use of rhetoric, Obama and his speech writers were able to greatly influence their audience. In the speech as a whole, Obama used anaphora with the word our. This was not only a good move from a political standpoint but also from a strategic standpoint. By using the word our it portrays this idea that we are all in this together. It gives the viewer an empowering feeling and makes them feel as if they are and equal to Obama. It also gives the idea that Obama is one of us and has no sense of credibility or higher value just because he is the president. He is trying to play off of this average Joe persona. He opens his speech by saying he is humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed. By saying this he is trying to show the people how he is a own to earth man and is not of greater quality no worth than any other man or woman in our nation. This also creates an example of ethos. By being relatable and not too full of himself, he portrays himself as this character that is Just like everybody else. He later goes on to say, To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. This is an example of pathos. By saying this he is creating a connection and establishing an emotional bound with foreign ountries. He goes on to say, Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing Pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions. This is an example of alliteration. By using one word after another that have a strong p sound providing a forceful delivery that rolls off the tongue. Finally Obama uses logos when he talks about how the United States cannot prosper if only the prosperous prosper. Along with the alliteration of the word prosper this gives a sense of entitlement to the lower and middle classes. Obama ran his whole campaign on he idea of not letting the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. By saying this he relates to the lower and middle class when past presidents have failed to do so. Obamas 2009 inaugural address addressed many topics by using rhetoric. Throughout many uses, President Obama was able to make the people of the nation feel included for once and made them feel like he was on their side. By doing so he gained many supporters and made many people have faith in him in his upcoming term as President of the United States. Obama rhetorical analysis By samralbovsky

Chemist Profile and Career Information

Chemist Profile and Career Information Heres a look at what a chemist is, what a chemist does, and what type of salary and career opportunities you can expect as a chemist. What Is a Chemist? What Do Chemists Do? There are a lot of different employment opportunities open to chemists. Some chemists work in a lab, in a research environment, asking questions and testing hypotheses with experiments. Other chemists may work on a computer developing theories or models or predicting reactions. Some chemists do field work. Others contribute advice on chemistry for projects. Some chemists write. Some chemists teach. The career options are extensive. More Careers in Chemistry Job Outlook for Chemists analytical chemistry Chemist Salaries federal executive branch: $88,930scientific research development: $68,760chemical manufacture: $62,340pharmaceutical manufacture: $57,210testing laboratories: $45,730 Chemist Working Conditions Types of Chemists Organic Chemists - work with carbon and carbon-compounds, many of which come from plants or animals. Organic chemists develop drug, petrochemicals, fertilizers, and plastics.Inorganic Chemists - deal primarily with non-carbon chemistry involving metals, minerals, and electronics.Analytical Chemists - examine substances. Analytical chemists identify materials, measure quantities, and evaluate properties of elements and compounds.Physical Chemists - work primarily in the field of energy research. Physical chemists look at chemical and physical changes and examine the relationships between matter and energy. Chemist Educational Requirements in a career in chemistry Advancement as a Chemist chemist with a masters degree How to Get a Job as a Chemist studying chemistry often accept co-op positions with companies so they can work in chemistry while getting their education. These students often stay on with the company following graduation. Summer internships are another excellent way to learn whether or not a chemist and a company are a good fit for each other. Many companies recruit from campuses. Graduates can learn about jobs from college career placement offices. Chemistry jobs may be advertised in journals, newspapers, and online, though one of the best ways to network and find a position is through a chemical society or other professional organization.

Tight Control in Beverage Operation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tight Control in Beverage Operation - Assignment Example Conversely, this has created a paradox in these arguments (R11). Therefore, the paper seeks to discuss three operational elements where tight control can affect customer satisfaction and operational ease and vice versa. Many organizations have policies and procedures that govern all its operations in service delivery to its customers. These policies and procedures ensure ease of operation and customer satisfaction. However, there may be elements of operation within a company where tight control affects customer satisfaction and the operational ease. For customer satisfaction, important operations elements must be put in place. However, in case of a tight control of these operations, both customer satisfaction, and operational ease may be affected. For instance, good service, right strategy application, and beverage expertise are good examples of operational practices that enhance a smooth operational ease. If these operational practices are taken care of appropriately, customer satisfaction would also be achieved (Slack & Stuart 28). The operational practice, therefore, improves efficiency and visibility hence enhancing profitability, competitive advantage, and customer service. Expertise in a beverage is an essential component that enhances the operational ease and customer satisfaction. For a beverage company to achieve these, a team of experts of beverage should be in charge of handling the business. Operations and supply chains needs should guide these operations. These include technology and software selection, network design for the supply chain, and management of the workforce. These strategies need to be regulated depending on the customer needs and expectations in order to maintain customer satisfaction (Tamime 24). However, if a tight policy control is put in place without considering the customer needs, the satisfaction of the customers may be affected.

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Recycling - Research Paper Example â€Å"Environmental Ethics† relate to ethical and moral standing, which provides recognition of distinguishing characteristics of environment.1 It is important to initiate such programs through which these environmental issues are addressed and taking such measures that can reduce their adverse effects. Hence, there is a need to have be proactive and be able to understand the human’s role concerning preservation of environment and natural habitat. There is an anthropocentric code of ethics, which takes into consideration, the moral aspects of a human being with environment. However, few thinkers argue that the code of ethics should not just be focusing on the human element, but it should also have moral standing and sentiments for animals and natural habitat. This is necessary in order to conserve the natural resources like river, lakes and other species of ecosystems.2 My ethical standing on these environmental issues is based on the different approaches of scholars. It has been noticed that the environmental issues, which are occurring, have a deep impact on human beings. The pollution, whether it is air, water or land diminishes the health of the individuals, the depleting effect of natural or even manmade resources are affecting the living standard of individuals specially the human beings. In some cases, if there is a reduction of natural sources of herbs and plants then it gives rise to reduction of potential natural medicines for various diseases. In the same way, if there is a natural disaster it affects our homes and living. This approach is anthropocentric which are concerned with cause and effects of nature and environment on human beings.3 In the contrary, there is a â€Å"non-Anthropocentric approach† to environmental ethics, which also takes into consideration of other factors of Eco systems like animals, flora and Fiona. It is necessary that while one remains focused on how the environment

A written analysis of an ethical dilemma in health care ethics Essay

A written analysis of an ethical dilemma in health care ethics - Essay Example The health care industry is one such organisation that tries to balance individual thought and critical thinking decision-making skills with ethical guidelines set forth via laws, regulations, and company policies. Every person, regardless of his or her chosen career or lifestyle, will eventually be forced to make a decision in an ethical dilemma. This dilemma may be as simple as whether or not to tell a friend that he or she may be getting laid off from work or as difficult as deciding whether or not a person has the sense and capability of making a decision on his or her own regarding healthcare and treatment. Doctors often face scenarios such as these often. Generally, doctors can turn to laws and legal documentation regarding how to proceed with a course of action. For example, if a woman were to go to a hospital with an extreme case of preeclampsia: do the doctors work to save her life and the life of her child, or do they respect the patient's wishes to be left alone. In this particular scenario, several people are involved in the decision-making process; and several others hold stakes in the results of the decision once made. First, the mother has already been informed that without a caesarean, she will die. Additionally, without allowing the doctors to perform the caesarean, the mother has been informed that her baby will also die. The third group of stakeholders in this scenario is the doctors treating Mrs. M. The Doctors face the difficult decision of forcing Mrs. M to endure a terrifying and difficult procedure, or allowing Mrs. M to make a choice that may kill both herself and her baby. Preeclampsia, sometimes called toxaemia, affects nearly five percent of all pregnancies throughout the world (Cleveland Clinic 2007); this disorder is "one of the leading causes of premature births and the difficulties that can accompany them" (Cleveland Clinic 2007, 2). This is because when a woman acquires preeclampsia her uterus becomes deprived of oxygen due to the low amounts of blood able to flow there. Some doctors believe that this spike in blood pressure is caused by poor nutrition; however to date there has been no specific cause defined. The only known cure for preeclampsia to date is to birth the baby. However, since many cases of preeclampsia become apparent merely half-way through a pregnancy, this may not always prove to be the best or most viable option (Cleveland Clinic 2007). If too early in the pregnancy, some doctors can monitor the baby's health and attempt to let the baby stay in the womb for a longer period of time to develop more fully before being delivered. However, in this particular scenario, allowing the baby to remain inside the mother's womb was not an option. The preeclampsia had already placed both the baby and the soon-to-be mother in danger of losing their lives. Allowing the child to remain inside the mother would surely kill both mother and child. A caesarean section is a procedure in which doctors can deliver the mother's baby "through an incision made on [her] pregnant belly" (BellyBelly 2007, 1). Essentially, rather than allow the baby to finish developing in the womb and be birthed vaginally, doctors believed that the best way to ensure safe delivery would be to cut

Approaches to the study of Religion

Approaches to the study of Religion We can say that there are different approaches that can be taken when studying religion. For the last four decades universities and schools have been acting in response to a constant , steady demand for courses upon the study of religion .The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and learn regarding the religious beliefs of others. Others have no clear vision upon their religious identity and are searching possible traditions, ready to meet their spiritual exploration .So they start looking for different approaches to their study ,bringing along different opinions and whatever the process and methodology is, will bring them information from which eventually they will find answers or give opinion. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of publication sand television worldwide developing his own vision and philosophy of human progress and spiritual evolution. The other is Sri Aurobindo who brought a change to the vision of evolution of life into the divinity of life, In his own words: Man is on a transitorily passage . He is not final. The stage from man to super being is the next which depends from the approach of the achievement on the evolution on earth. It is the logic of Natures process. The works of both Sri Aurobindo and Ninian Smart shows two drastic and completely different approaches to religion. The author as part of his degree course has studied these two vastly differing approaches. Ninian Smarts approach to religion is described in his academic literature as a completely new way to the thinking of religion. He illustrate the introduction of Phenomenology saying, a lot of opinions have been written about not only the physical interchange of races but;, also ethnical and cultural, and especially upon values, so what take place when religions and their tradition convene? Will the globalization lead to a kind of universal religion, as prediction might lead, or it will be turned in a lively variety of many different beliefs? Smart contemplated these question for many years investigating various religions in the world. He explains that such experience definitely will change positions on previous views regarding religious tradition. It may perhaps intensify your religious experience. It all depends on the person you are and the personal period of life you are going through.(Scott London ,the future of religion an Interview with Ninian Smart June 1999 issue ofThe Witne ssmagazine. ) We can confirm that the method of study that Smart used in his approach comprehend both external and internal analysis of religion, characterized by phenomenological perspectives.(James L.Cox,p.159.A guide to the Phenomenology of religion .key figure ,formative influence and subsequent debate. Continuum International publishing group .2006.)Of course the phenomenological approach employed by Smart can be interpreted as an attempt of taking into consideration the individual experience of religion a at the same time trying to separate from it. The method used was to compare the subjective experience with the intent of shaping the arrangement of religion itself from within the structure. This approach can be better understood in his ritual dimension involvement with worshipping, meditations, pilgrimages, sacrifices and healing activities .Of course doctrinal and philosophical dimension is to be taken in consideration without living behind the experimental and emotional dimension and the important ethical and legal dimension.(Ninian Smart,pp10-12,Dimension of the sacred an anatomy of the worlds beliefs ,Harper Collins Publisher 1196) We see from Smarts classifactory account The Experiential and Emotional Dimension The Narrative or Mythic Dimension The Doctrinal The Philosophical Dimension The Ethical and Legal Dimension The Social and Institutional Dimension The Material Dimension The Practical and ritual dimensions (BBC.Religion) Smarts perspective in sustaining a phenomenological perception to the methodology of approach to the study, is far different from the approach that Sri Aurobindo use. First of all we have to say that both, Smart and Aurobindo have not defined religion from objective point of view but rather to determine religion in terms of its own value. Both methods tried to avoid the phenomenological approach. Personal experience is crucial to any understanding of religion .On this particular account Aurobindo discovers the relation or union, he favours, what he identifies as spiritual psychology and integral methods, but for both he confirms that the objective is to be understood and interpreted in terms of subjective.( D P Chattopadhyaya p1integral sociology and dialectical sociology,Shri Jainedra press 1976) From its approach, we understand that Sri Aurobindo begins his work clearly within religious prospect, particularly his own relation with yoga, he explains; the practice is not for ourselves alone, but for the Divine; The intent is to find occupation of good in the world, to outcome a spiritual conversion and to bring down a divine nature and a divine life into the mental, vital and physical nature and life of humanity. Its object is not personal, although is a necessary condition of the yoga. So with Aurobindo is clear the goal is more directly mystical ,to became one with the divine .(Michael T.Mclaughlin,p96, Editrice Ponteficia Universita` Grecoriana Roma 2003)In many occasions he confirmed that he does not intend to promote any old religion or to find a new one and he strongly oppose religious particolarism. So he is proposing a mystical goal and from his yogic teachings he guides,shows and achieves that.(Stephen H.Phillips.p79,Aurobindo`s Philosophyof Brahman,E.J.Brill Leiden 1986) The strength of Smart can be seen that he does not wish to strip religion or faith down to one or two elements say belief in The Virgin Birth and the dogma of out with the church there is no salvation but his classificatory account makes it clear that it has many elements and strands. A criticism of his approach is that it is far to scientific and while starting from the experiential and emotional he soon slips back into trying to seek common themes within all religions Aurobindo did not just stick to an immanental experience of a divine being but that there must be transcendence within the individuals life which is seen in Auroville with a lived approach to ones faith rather like that which is common within Charismatic and Evangelical Churches. A criticism of Aurobindos view may be seen that it seeks to remain within religion itself, similar to that of Smart as they both emphasise the importance of the experience of religion, a personal contact with God or Gods, however within Marxism we can see a move away from this religious experience. Aurobindo offers no guidance upon other religions as his account is purely personal. So how would Aurobindo address questions upon doctrine say within the New Testament? These questions within Smarts Classifactory account would help to define a religion. For example different opinions regarding the Trinity between Roman Catholics and Jehovah Witnesses. Also we can see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Aurovil le fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion Can we truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other very visual? Is Sri Aurobindo truly internal when we have the community of Auroville and a culture around him? Can we categorize all religions within Ninian Smart definitions? We may conclude saying that maybe religions will never combine in to one global faith ,but we do think that the society is moving towards a global ideology that have a space for religion and identify the contributions of the diverse ethnicity and traditions and bring a new way in helping us to work together for the support of human values and spirituality. What may be the way forward in the teaching and definition of religion is to accept the singularity of each religion and each individuals faith and seek ways in which they can be accommodated within a safe international environment that moves away from empirical definitions.